ืืื ืืชื ืจืืฆืื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืคื ื ืืกืคืช?
ืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืคื ืฉืืชื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื

ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื - PAST PERFECT ืขื ืืืืืืืช
Author:
Elinor Zucchet
ืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืขืชืื. ืืืื, ืืขืฆื, ืจืง ืืขืืจ โ ืืื ืื ืกืชื ืขืืจ, ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื!
ืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืคืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืืคืืื ืืืชืจ ืจืืืงืืช ืืขืืจ ืืคืขืืืืช ืขืืจ ืืืจืืช. ืืื, ืืืชืจ ืืื ืขืืจ ืืฉืืืืื?
ืื ืชืืืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื.
ืืื ืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืืช ืื ืืืฃ ืืื ืืกืข ืืืื (ืืื ืืก ืืืืืจืืื).
ืกืคืืืืจ: ืืขืืจ ืืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืกืืช ืงื ืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืงืฉืืช. ืฉืคืืช ืจืืื ืืืืช, ืืืฉืื?
ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื?
ืื, ืื ืืืืืง ืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื? ืืืื, ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืฉืงืจื ืืคื ื ืคืขืืื ืืืจืช ืืขืืจ.
ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืชื ืืช ืื? ืืืืื ื ืจืฆืฃ ืืืจืืขืื ืืกืจื.
ืืืฉื, "ืขื ืืืื ืฉ- 'ืืืืจื ืืขืชืื 2' ืืชืืื, ืืืจ ืกืืืื ื ืืช ืืคืืคืงืืจื." ืืชืืืช ืืกืจื ืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืื ืกืืื ืืคืืคืงืืจื ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืื.
ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช-ืืืืืืืช
ืืืื ืื ืื ืืกืื? ืื ืื ืคืฉืื, ืืื ืชืืืื, ืื ืชืฆืืจืื ืงืืืืืช ืฉืืฃ!
ืื ื ืื: ื ืืฉื + had + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื (ืื, ืื ืืื.)
ืืชื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉื (ืื ื"ืื" ืืืฉืคื ืฉืืื), ืืื ืืกืื "had", ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ื ืืคืขืื ืฉื ืืคืืขื ืฉืืชื ืจืืฆืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื. ืืื ื!
ืืื ืืกืคืืง ืขื ืืชืืืืจืื. ืืืฉืืื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืฆืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืืืช.
ืฆืืจืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืฆืืจืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืกืืกืืช ืืฉืืชื ืจืืฆืื ืืืฆืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื.
ืืื ื: ื ืืฉื + had + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืื
- I had called her before the party started. (ืืชืงืฉืจืชื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืกืืื ืืชืืืื)
- They had already left when I arrived. (ืื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืฉืืืขืชื)
- We had eaten by the time the guests showed up. (ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื)
- She had studied French before moving to Paris. (ืืื ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืขืืจื ืืคืจืื)
- By the time I got home, my family had gone to bed. (ืขื ืฉืืืขืชื ืืืืชื, ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืื)
- The train had already left when I reached the station. (ืืจืืืช ืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืฉืืืขืชื ืืชืื ื.)
- He had forgotten about the meeting until I reminded him. (ืืื ืฉืื ืืืคืืืฉื ืขื ืฉืืืืจืชื ืื)
- We had planned everything before the trip. (ืชืื ื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื)
- They had packed all their bags before the taxi arrived. (ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืงืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืขื)
- She had finished the book before I even started. (ืืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืชื.)
ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืืฉืืฉืื ืื ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืืจืืข ืืืจ, ืื ืืฆืืจื ืฉืืื.
ืืื ื: ื ืืฉื + had not (hadn't) + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืืื
- I hadn't called her before the party started. (ืื ืืชืงืฉืจืชื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืกืืื ืืชืืืื)
- They hadn't left when I arrived. (ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืืขืชื)
- We hadn't eaten by the time the guests showed up. (ืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื)
- She hadn't studied French before moving to Paris. (ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืขืืจื ืืคืจืื)
- By the time I got home, my family hadn't gone to bed. (ืขื ืฉืืืขืชื ืืืืชื, ืืฉืคืืชื ืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื)
- The train hadn't left when I reached the station. (ืืจืืืช ืขืื ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืืืขืชื ืืชืื ื)
- He hadn't forgotten about the meeting until I reminded him. (ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืคืืืฉื ืขื ืฉืืืืจืชื ืื)
- We hadn't planned everything before the trip. (ืื ืชืื ื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื)
- They hadn't packed all their bags before the taxi arrived. (ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืขื)
- She hadn't finished the book before I even started. (ืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืชืืืชื)
ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืจืืฆืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื? ืืชืืืช ืขืืื!
ืืื ื: Had + ื ืืฉื + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื?
ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื
- Had you called her before the party started? (ืืชืงืฉืจืช ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืกืืื ืืชืืืื?)
- Had they left when you arrived? (ืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืืขืช?)
- Had we eaten by the time the guests showed up? (ืืืื ื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื?)
- Had she studied French before moving to Paris? (ืืื ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืขืืจื ืืคืจืื? )
- Had they gone to bed when you got home? (ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืขืช ืืืืชื?)
- Had the train left when you reached the station? (ืืจืืืช ืืฆืื ืืฉืืืขืช ืืชืื ื?)
- Had he forgotten about the meeting until you reminded him? (ืืื ืฉืื ืืืคืืืฉื ืขื ืฉืืืืจืช ืื?)
- Had we planned everything before the trip? (ืชืื ื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื?)
- Had they packed all their bags before the taxi arrived? (ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืชืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืขื?)
- Had she finished the book before you started? (ืืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืืืช?)
ืฆืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืืืงืื, ืืืื ืื ืชืฆืืจืื ืืช ืื ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืข ืืชืืืืืื ืืืกืงืจื ืื/ ืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื.
ืืื ื:
Had + ื ืืฉื + not + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื? ืื
Hadn't + ื ืืฉื + ืืื ืื ื ืคืขืื?
ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฆืืจืชื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืช:
- Hadnโt you called her before the party started? (ืืื ืื ืืชืงืฉืจืช ืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืกืืื ืืชืืืื?)
- Had they not left when you arrived? (ืืื ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืขืช?)
- Hadnโt we eaten by the time the guests showed up? (ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื?)
- Had she not studied French before moving to Paris? (ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืขืืจื ืืคืจืื?)
- Hadnโt they gone to bed when you got home? (ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืืชื?)
- Had the train not left when you reached the station? (ืืื ืืจืืืช ืื ืืฆืื ืืฉืืชื ืืืขืช ืืชืื ื?)
- Hadnโt he forgotten about the meeting until you reminded him? (ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืคืืืฉื ืขื ืฉืืืืจืช ืื?)
- Had we not planned everything before the trip? (ืืื ืื ืชืื ื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื?)
- Hadnโt they packed all their bags before the taxi arrived? (ืืื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืขื?)
- Had she not finished the book before you started? (ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืืืช?)
ืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื
ืืกืืจ, ืืื ืช ืืช ืืืื ื? ืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืื ื ืื ืื?
ืชืืืืจ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืคืขืืื ืืืจืช ืืขืืจ.
ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื... ืืืฉืื ืืฉืืชื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืืจืืข ืขืืจ ืืืจ.
ืืืืืืืช:
- By the time we arrived, the movie had started. (ืขื ืฉืืืขื ื, ืืกืจื ืืืจ ืืชืืื.)
- She had cooked dinner before we got home. (ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืจืืืช ืขืจื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืจื ื ืืืืชื.)
- I had already sent the email before the meeting began. (ืืืจ ืฉืืืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืคืืืฉื ืืชืืืื.)
- They had finished the project before the deadline. (ืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืืคื ื ืืืืขื ืืืืจืื.)
- We had cleaned the house before our parents arrived. (ื ืืงืื ื ืืช ืืืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืจืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืขื.)
- He had left for work before I woke up. (ืืื ืืฆื ืืขืืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืขืืจืจืชื.)
- The flight had taken off before they reached the airport. (ืืืืืก ืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืืืขื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื.)
- She had completed her homework before the party. (ืืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืืืกืืื.)
- By the time I called, they had already eaten. (ืขื ืฉืืชืงืฉืจืชื, ืื ืืืจ ืืืื.)
- They had finished their exams before the summer holiday began. (ืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืชืืื.)
ืืืืฉืช ืกืืจ ืืืจืืขืื ืขืืจ.
ืืืฉืื - ืืกืืจ, ืื ื ืืขืฆืืจ - ืืฉืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืื ืงืจื ืงืืื!
ืืืืืืืช:
- I had eaten dinner before I watched TV. (ืืืืชื ืืจืืืช ืขืจื ืืคื ื ืฉืฆืคืืชื ืืืืืืืืื.)
- She had finished the report before the meeting. (ืืื ืกืืืื ืืช ืืื"ื ืืคื ื ืืคืืืฉื.)
- He had locked the door before leaving. (ืืื ื ืขืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืขืื.)
- By the time we got there, they had already started. (ืขื ืฉืืืขื ื ืืฉื, ืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืื.)
- They had prepared the room before the guests arrived. (ืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื.)
- I had packed my bags before leaving for the airport. (ืืจืืชื ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืฉืขืืืชื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื.)
- he had read the book before the discussion. (ืืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคื ื ืืืืื.)
- He had repaired the car before the road trip. (ืืื ืชืืงื ืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืื.)
- We had finished the project before the presentation. (ืกืืืื ื ืืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืืคื ื ืืืฆืื.)
- They had left the house before the rain started. (ืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืฉื.)
ืืืขืช ืชื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืคืืชืืืื.
ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืขืืืจ ืชืจืืืฉื "ืื ืื" - ืคืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืชืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืฉืื, ืื ืืขืฆืื. ืืชื ืืืืข: "ืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืืช ืงืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืืืฅ".
ืืืืืืืช:
- If I had known, I wouldโve called earlier. (ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืข, ืืืืชื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ)
- She would have succeeded if she had studied more. (ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืชืจ)
- If we had left earlier, we wouldnโt have missed the bus. (ืื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ, ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืก)
- They wouldโve finished the project if they had more time. (ืื ืืื ืืกืืืืื ืืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื)
- If he had told me, I wouldnโt have been late. (ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื, ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ)
- We wouldโve gone if the weather had been better. (ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ)
- If you had asked, I wouldโve helped. (ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื, ืืืืชื ืขืืืจ)
- They wouldโve arrived sooner if they had taken a taxi. (ืื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืช)
- If she had seen him, she wouldโve waved. (ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืจืืื ืืืชื, ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืคืคืช)
- If I had known, I wouldโve come to the party. (ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืข, ืืืืชื ืื ืืืกืืื)
ืืืืืืื ื ืคืืฆืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืชื ืคืขืืืืช ืขืืจ ืืืืืืจืื ืืช ืกืืจ ืืืืจืืขืื.
ืืกืืจ | ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื | ืืืืื |
Before ืืคื ื | I had finished my homework before I watched TV. ืกืืืืชื ืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืฉืฆืคืืชื ืืืืืืืืื. | Used to describe an action completed prior to another action in the past. ืืฉืืฉ ืืชืืืืจ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืคืขืืื ืืืจืช ืืขืืจ. |
By the time ืขื ืฉ | By the time the guests arrived, we had already cleaned the house. ืขื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืืืขื, ืืืจ ื ืืงืื ื ืืช ืืืืช. | Describes something that happened before a specific point in time. ืืชืืจ ืืฉืื ืฉืงืจื ืืคื ื ื ืงืืืช ืืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืช. |
After ืืืจื | After she had left, we started the meeting. ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืขืืื, ืืชืืื ื ืืช ืืคืืืฉื. | Indicates that one event followed the completion of another. ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืจืืข ืืื ืืชืจืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืช ืืืจืืข ืืืจ |
Once ืืจืืข ืฉ | Once we had eaten, we went for a walk. ืืจืืข ืฉืืืื ื, ืืืื ื ืืืืื. | Used when one action is completed and another follows. ืืฉืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืคืขืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืจืช ืขืืงืืช ืืืจืื. |
Until ืขื ืฉ | They hadnโt left until it started raining. ืื ืื ืขืืื ืขื ืฉืืชืืื ืืจืืช ืืฉื. | Highlights that an action continued up to a certain point. ืืืืืฉ ืื ืคืขืืื ื ืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืงืืื ืืกืืืืช. |
When ืืืฉืจ | When I arrived, he had already left. ืืฉืืืขืชื, ืืื ืืืจ ืขืื. | Describes an action that was completed before another action happened. ืืชืืจ ืคืขืืื ืฉืืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืจืืฉื ืคืขืืื ืืืจืช. |
Just ึฟืจืง | She had just finished her work when the phone rang. ืืื ืจืง ืกืืืื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืืืืคืื ืฆืืฆื. | Emphasizes that one action was completed very recently before another. ืืืืืฉ ืื ืคืขืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ื ืืคื ื ืืืจืช. |
As soon as ืืจืืข ืฉ | As soon as he had packed his bags, he left for the airport. ืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื, ืืื ืืฆื ืืฉืื ืืชืขืืคื. | Indicates one action was completed immediately before another began. ืืฆืืื ืื ืคืขืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืจืช. |
By ืขื | By the time the show started, they had already found their seats. ืขื ืฉืืืืคืข ืืชืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืืฆืื ืืช ืืงืืืืชืืื. | Refers to something that happened before a specific time. ืืชืืืืก ืืืฉืื ืฉืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืื ืกืคืฆืืคื. |
No soonerโฆ than ืืจืืข ืฉ... ืื | No sooner had she arrived than the train left. ืืจืืข ืฉืืื ืืืืขื, ืืจืืืช ืืฆืื. | Describes two actions happening in quick succession, often used for emphasis. ืืชืืจ ืฉืชื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืฉืืฉ ืืขืชืื ืงืจืืืืช ืืืืืฉื. |
ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื
ืขื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืคืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืจ ืขื ืืขืืจ, ืื ืืืืืช ืงืฆืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื?ืืืื, ืืงืืฆืืจ, ืขืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืงืจื. ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืฉืงืจื ืืฉืื ืืืจ.

ืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืื:
- ืคืฉื ืคืฉืื: "I watched TV." (ืฆืคืืชื ืืืืืืืืื.) ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื: "I had already finished my homework before I watched TV." (ืกืืืืชื ืืช ืฉืืขืืจื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืฆืคืืชื ืืืืืืืืื.)
ืืขืืืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืข ืืื
ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืืง ืืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืคื - ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืจ, ืืขื ืืื ืืื - ืืื ืฉืืืืืช. ืชืจืืื ืืืฉืื, ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ื ืคืืฆืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืข ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช:
ืืฉืืื "hadืด
ืฉืืจืจื ืืช ื-"had" ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื, ืืชืืฉืืจื ืขื ืืฉืคื ืคืฉื ืขืืจ ืืื.
ืืืืืื: "I finished my work." (ืกืืืืชื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืื.) ืืืื, ืื ืืกืืจ. ืืื ืืื ืืกื ืืช ื-": "I had finished my work before the phone rang." (ืกืืืืชื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืืคืื ืฆืืฆื). ืขืืฉืื, ืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืง ืื ืงืจื ืงืืื.
ืืคืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืกืืืืื ืืื
ืืชื ืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืขืืจ. ืื ืืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืืจืืข ืืื ืืขืืจ, ืขืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืกืคืืง. ืืื ืืฉืืชื ืืชืืืืืื ืขื ืฉื ื ืืืจืืขืื ืขืืจ, ืืืื ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืฉื ื, ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ื ืื ืก ืืคืขืืื.
ืขืจืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืขืืจ ืคืฉืื
ืฉืื, ืื ืืคืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืืคื ื ืืืจืืข ืขืืจ ืืืจ, ืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืฉืื. ืื ืื, ืขืืจ ืคืฉืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืช. ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืกืคืงืืช, ืคืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืขืฆืืื, "ืืื ืื ืืืืจืืข ืฉืงืจื ืงืืื?" ืื ืื, ืืชื ืืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ!
ืืืคืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืืืกืืฃ, ืื ื ืืื ืืืคืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืงืฆืืขื.

ืชืจืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื
ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื. ืืชืื ืจืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืขืื - ืืืืชืืื ืื ืืืืืื - ืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืงืจื, ืืื ืชืชืจืืื ืชืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืงืจื ืงืืื. ืืื ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืืช ืืืชืจ, ืื ืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืขื ืืืชืจ.
ืฉืืจืจ ืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืกืืื ืืคื ืืื ืฉืื
ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืคืืจ ืกืืคืืจืื. ืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืืฉืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืื ืงืจื ืงืืื. ืื ืจืง ืฉืืกืืคืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืขื ืืืงืื ืืืชืจ. ืืชื ืืืืข, ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืจืืโฆ
ืืคืฉื ืืืชื ืืื ืืงืื
ืืจืืข ืฉืชืชืืืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืชืฉืืขื ืขืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืฉืืืืช, ืืกืจืืื, ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืคืืืงืืกืืื.
ืชืืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืงืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืื ืืืืช. ืืื ืฉืชืฉืืขื ืืชืงืจืื ืืืชื ืืคืขืืื, ืื ืืืื ืงื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื.
ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื
ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงืืืง ืืฉืขืื? ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืขืฉืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช.
ืืชืจืืจืืืช
ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืชืคืืจ. "I had already finished the project before anyone even asked." (ืกืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืื).
ืืชื ืฆืืืช
ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืจ "ืืืคืก, ืืขืืชื"! ืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืฆื ืื ืืืกืืืจ ืืืืข ืืฉืื ืื ืฆืื? ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ. "If I had known the meeting was at 9 a.m., I wouldโve been on time." (ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืข ืฉืืคืืืฉื ืืฉืขื 9 ืืืืงืจ, ืืืืชื ืืืืข ืืืื).
ืืืืืช ืืจืืื
ืืกืคืจื ืกืืคืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืจืืื. "She had met him before, but she never expected to see him again." (ืืื ืคืืฉื ืืืชื ืงืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืฆืืคืชื ืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืฉืื). ืืกืืคืืจืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืขื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืคื ืฉืื ืื ืจืื.
ืืืืฉืืข ืืืืจืื
ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืืขืืืช ืคื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืจืื. "I had already planned the whole party before you even asked." (ืชืื ื ืชื ืืช ืื ืืืกืืื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืฉืฉืืืช ืืืื).
ืืืืฉืืข ืืื
ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืฉืคื, ืืคืชืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืจ. "Oh, I had already seen that play in France before it even made it to Broadway." (ืื, ืืืจ ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืฆืจืคืช ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืจืืืืื).
ืื ื ืืงืืื ืฉืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืื.
ืืชื ืืขืช ืจืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืง, ืืขืฆื ืืจืื ืืงืคืื, ืืื ืขื ืคืขืืื. ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืกืคืจื ืกืืคืืจืื ืืืืืืื, ืืกืืืจืื ืื ืงืจื ืืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืืจ, ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืื, ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืคืชืงืืืช ืืงืืืง ืืืฉืืช.
ืืื ืืชื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืชืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืฃ ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ื.