ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืคื” ื ื•ืกืคืช?

ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
Person with a clock for a head

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื - PAST PERFECT ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช

Author:

Elinor Zucchet

ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืจืง ืœืขื‘ืจ โ€” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืกืชื ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื!

ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืž, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื?

ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.

ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืžืกืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ (ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ).

ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจ: ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?

ืžื” ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื?

ืื–, ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื–ื”? ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืจืฆืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜.

ืœืžืฉืœ, "ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉ- 'ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ 2' ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ." ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.

ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช-ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช

ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื ื•ืกื—ื”? ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื˜ืฃ!

ื”ื ื” ื–ื”: ื ื•ืฉื + had + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ (ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.)

ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื (ื–ื” ื”"ืžื™" ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœื›ื), ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื "had", ื•ืื– ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•. ื•ื”ื ื”!

ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.

ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.

ืžื‘ื ื”: ื ื•ืฉื + had + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘

  • I had called her before the party started. (ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”)
  • They had already left when I arrived. (ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื–ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™)
  • We had eaten by the time the guests showed up. (ืื›ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•)
  • She had studied French before moving to Paris. (ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจื™ื–)
  • By the time I got home, my family had gone to bed. (ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ)
  • The train had already left when I reached the station. (ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื—ื ื”.)
  • He had forgotten about the meeting until I reminded him. (ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœื•)
  • We had planned everything before the trip. (ืชื›ื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ)
  • They had packed all their bags before the taxi arrived. (ื”ื ืืจื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ืื”ื ืืจื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”)
  • She had finished the book before I even started. (ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™.)

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ืจ, ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.

ืžื‘ื ื”: ื ื•ืฉื + had not (hadn't) + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”

  • I hadn't called her before the party started. (ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”)
  • They hadn't left when I arrived. (ื”ื ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™)
  • We hadn't eaten by the time the guests showed up. (ืœื ืื›ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•)
  • She hadn't studied French before moving to Paris. (ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืžื“ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจื™ื–)
  • By the time I got home, my family hadn't gone to bed. (ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ)
  • The train hadn't left when I reached the station. (ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื—ื ื”)
  • He hadn't forgotten about the meeting until I reminded him. (ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœื•)
  • We hadn't planned everything before the trip. (ืœื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ)
  • They hadn't packed all their bags before the taxi arrived. (ื”ื ืœื ืืจื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”)
  • She hadn't finished the book before I even started. (ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™)

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื? ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืขื•ื’ื”!

ืžื‘ื ื”: Had + ื ื•ืฉื + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ?

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื”

  • Had you called her before the party started? (ื”ืชืงืฉืจืช ืืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”?)
  • Had they left when you arrived? (ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืช?)
  • Had we eaten by the time the guests showed up? (ืื›ืœื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•?)
  • Had she studied French before moving to Paris? (ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจื™ื–? )
  • Had they gone to bed when you got home? (ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?)
  • Had the train left when you reached the station? (ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืœืชื—ื ื”?)
  • Had he forgotten about the meeting until you reminded him? (ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืœื•?)
  • Had we planned everything before the trip? (ืชื›ื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ?)
  • Had they packed all their bags before the taxi arrived? (ื”ื ืืจื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”?)
  • Had she finished the book before you started? (ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช?)

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื/ ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.

ืžื‘ื ื”:

Had + ื ื•ืฉื + not + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ? ืื•

Hadn't + ื ื•ืฉื + ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœ?

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืืœืช:

  • Hadnโ€™t you called her before the party started? (ื”ืื ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉืจืช ืืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”?)
  • Had they not left when you arrived? (ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื’ืขืช?)
  • Hadnโ€™t we eaten by the time the guests showed up? (ื”ืื ืœื ืื›ืœื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•?)
  • Had she not studied French before moving to Paris? (ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืžื“ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคืจื™ื–?)
  • Hadnโ€™t they gone to bed when you got home? (ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?)
  • Had the train not left when you reached the station? (ื”ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื ื™ืฆืื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื’ืขืช ืœืชื—ื ื”?)
  • Hadnโ€™t he forgotten about the meeting until you reminded him? (ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืœื•?)
  • Had we not planned everything before the trip? (ื”ืื ืœื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ?)
  • Hadnโ€™t they packed all their bags before the taxi arrived? (ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ืืจื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”?)
  • Had she not finished the book before you started? (ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช?)

ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”? ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ื— ื–ื”?

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื... ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช:

  • By the time we arrived, the movie had started. (ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•, ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.)
  • She had cooked dinner before we got home. (ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืœื” ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.)
  • I had already sent the email before the meeting began. (ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”.)
  • They had finished the project before the deadline. (ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.)
  • We had cleaned the house before our parents arrived. (ื ื™ืงื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.)
  • He had left for work before I woke up. (ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™.)
  • The flight had taken off before they reached the airport. (ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.)
  • She had completed her homework before the party. (ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”.)
  • By the time I called, they had already eaten. (ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื›ืœื•.)
  • They had finished their exams before the summer holiday began. (ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.)

ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื‘ืจ.

ืžื•ืฉืœื - ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืืขืฆื•ืจ - ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื!

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช:

  • I had eaten dinner before I watched TV. (ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.)
  • She had finished the report before the meeting. (ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”.)
  • He had locked the door before leaving. (ื”ื•ื ื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘.)
  • By the time we got there, they had already started. (ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•.)
  • They had prepared the room before the guests arrived. (ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.)
  • I had packed my bags before leaving for the airport. (ืืจื–ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.)
  • he had read the book before the discussion. (ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.)
  • He had repaired the car before the road trip. (ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ.)
  • We had finished the project before the presentation. (ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”.)
  • They had left the house before the rain started. (ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืฉื.)

ื”ื‘ืขืช ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ "ืžื” ืื" - ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข: "ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืฅ".

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช:

  • If I had known, I wouldโ€™ve called earlier. (ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ)
  • She would have succeeded if she had studied more. (ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ)
  • If we had left earlier, we wouldnโ€™t have missed the bus. (ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก)
  • They wouldโ€™ve finished the project if they had more time. (ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ)
  • If he had told me, I wouldnโ€™t have been late. (ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื—ืจ)
  • We wouldโ€™ve gone if the weather had been better. (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ)
  • If you had asked, I wouldโ€™ve helped. (ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ)
  • They wouldโ€™ve arrived sooner if they had taken a taxi. (ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื•ื ื™ืช)
  • If she had seen him, she wouldโ€™ve waved. (ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ืคืคืช)
  • If I had known, I wouldโ€™ve come to the party. (ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื”)

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.

ื”ืกื‘ืจ

ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžืฉืคื˜

ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™

Before

ืœืคื ื™

I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.

Used to describe an action completed prior to another action in the past.

ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

By the time

ืขื“ ืฉ

By the time the guests arrived, we had already cleaned the house.

ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืงื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

Describes something that happened before a specific point in time.

ืžืชืืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.

After

ืื—ืจื™

After she had left, we started the meeting.

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”.

Indicates that one event followed the completion of another.

ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ืจ

Once

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉ

Once we had eaten, we went for a walk.

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื›ืœื ื•, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.

Used when one action is completed and another follows.

ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”.

Until

ืขื“ ืฉ

They hadnโ€™t left until it started raining.

ื”ื ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื’ืฉื.

Highlights that an action continued up to a certain point.

ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.

When

ื›ืืฉืจ

When I arrived, he had already left.

ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื–ื‘.

Describes an action that was completed before another action happened.

ืžืชืืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช.

Just

ึฟืจืง

She had just finished her work when the phone rang.

ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฆืœืฆืœ.

Emphasizes that one action was completed very recently before another.

ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ืจืช.

As soon as

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉ

As soon as he had packed his bags, he left for the airport.

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื– ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.

Indicates one action was completed immediately before another began.

ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื—ืจืช.

By

ืขื“

By the time the show started, they had already found their seats.

ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื.

Refers to something that happened before a specific time.

ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.

No soonerโ€ฆ than

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉ... ื›ืš

No sooner had she arrived than the train left.

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”, ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืฆืื”.

Describes two actions happening in quick succession, often used for emphasis.

ืžืชืืจ ืฉืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ืฉื”.


ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื?ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”. ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.

A couple with a remote control and a bowl of popcorn watching TV

ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš:

  • ืคืฉื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜: "I watched TV." (ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.)
  • ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื: "I had already finished my homework before I watched TV." (ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.)

ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ

ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืžื“ ืฉืคื” - ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” - ืœืœื ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช. ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช:

ืœืฉื›ื•ื— "hadืด

ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื”-"had" ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ืชื™ืฉืืจื• ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืฉื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: "I finished my work." (ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.) ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”-": "I had finished my work before the phone rang." (ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฆืœืฆืœ). ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื.

ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™

ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื‘ืจ. ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืคื™ืง. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.

ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜

ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืื ืœื, ืขื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืคืงื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, "ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื?" ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ!

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ.

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ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืขื ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื

ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื - ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื - ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืงืจื•, ื•ืื– ืชืชืจื’ืœื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื–ื” ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืš

ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื–ืจืžื•โ€ฆ

ื—ืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื.

ืชื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื ืชืงืจืื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ื•ืชืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื

ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืžืฉืขืžื? ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช

ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืืจ. "I had already finished the project before anyone even asked." (ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉืืœ).

ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช

ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื•ืคืก, ื˜ืขื™ืชื™"! ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืฆืœื—? ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ. "If I had known the meeting was at 9 a.m., I wouldโ€™ve been on time." (ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 9 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ).

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™

ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. "She had met him before, but she never expected to see him again." (ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆื™ืคืชื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘). ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ื ืจืื”.

ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื. "I had already planned the whole party before you even asked." (ืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืืœืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ).

ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื

ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืชื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. "Oh, I had already seen that play in France before it even made it to Broadway." (ืื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื•ื“ื•ื•ื™).

ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื”.

ืืชื ื›ืขืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง, ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจื˜ื™ ืžืงืคืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืคืขืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฃ ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.

ืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”